Annotated+Bibliography


 * Steve Polachek **

__** Annotation #1 **__

North, Adrian C., and David J. Hargreaves. "The Social and Applied Psychology of Music." //Oxford University Press // (2008): 101-03. //Cambridge Journals//. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. .

**__Information: __** **Authors Credentials-** Adrian C. North is a professor with the University of Leicester in the U.K. and also wrote the book //The Psychology of Music.// David J. Hargreaves is a professor of education at Universities including Leicester, Durham and the Open University. He is a Froebel Research Fellow and a Visiting Professor of Research in Music Education. **Scope and Purpose of the Work-** This article serves as a summary of the book, //The Social and Applied Psychology of Music.// **Intended Audience-** I believe that the intended audience for this article includes students and professors who believe that //The Social and Applied Psychology of Music// is a book in which could be helpful or used in a college course. __**Summary:** __ **Authors Main Idea-** The authors’ main idea is the ways in which music interacts with audiences in the variety of everyday situations in which it is heard. The author is trying to help create a field of music in the psychology. The book has diverse aims and is an impressive assimilation of literature about an expanding area of research. **Main Arguments-** The author looks into musical preference and taste, problem music and subcultures, music, business and health, and musical development and education to help prove his main argument and show evidence that supports his main argument. **Evidence-** The author references specific chapters in the book explaining each topic and then applying it to the main aspect of the book. __**Evaluation of:** __ **Research-** The article is scholarly and reliable and the authors’ backgrounds prove consistent and appropriate. The authors’ occupations fit perfectly with the article and they have four references. **Scope-** The article has a solid topic and refrains from drifting away from the topic focusing on a summary of the book //The Social and Applied Psychology of Music.// **Author Bias-** I believe the author shows no biased remarks or opinions throughout this article. The article was an overview of a book so I feel it is hard to lean to one side of the topic in this way. **Reflection-** This source was alright. The fact that it was just a book summary and overview proved to be a little insufficient but was a good starting point for the rest of my research.

__** Annotation #2 **__

Hunter, Patrick G., Glenn Schellenberg, and Ulrich Schimmack. "Feelings and Perceptions of Happiness and Sadness Induced by Music:"//Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts// 1st ser. 4.47-56 (2010): 47-56. Print.

**__Information: __** **Authors Credentials- **The authors’ Patrick G. Hunter, Glenn Schellenberg and Ulrich Schimmack credentials include the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. **Scope and Purpose of the Work- **This journal serves as an experiment in which the authors tested the feelings and perception induced by music. They then looked at the similarities and differences between the music and feelings and then looked at the correlation to provide a conclusion to their experiment. **Intended Audience **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- I believe that the intended audience could vary in many ways for this journal. This work could serve as a student’s research or professor/psychologists helping them conclude their own hypothesis. This could also be used by a teacher as a topic of discussion. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary __** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Idea/Thesis- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The authors’ have created a hypothesis for their experiment. They predicted that feeling ratings would be correlated positively and strongly with the corresponding perceiving ratings. They also expected that listeners would make a distinction between the two sets of ratings, providing higher perceiving ratings than feeling ratings, and that listeners’ feelings would be mediated by their perceptions. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Arguments- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The authors’ looked at the correlations between the happy sounding music (up tempo, major) and happy feelings and perceptions to conclude that there is a relationship between the two. Also goes the same for sad sounding music (slow tempo, minor). **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evidence- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The authors’ show their actual results as evidence which include correlations, graphs, and tables to show the difference and similarities between happy and sad songs with happy and sad feelings and perceptions. They also reference many different experiments that past psychologists have done that help support their hypothesis. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of: __** **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Research: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The work is logical and very helpful. The authors’ credentials are scholarly and through many references I found that the research trustworthy and reliable. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Scope: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The topic has been adequately addressed, through one study and references to many other studies pulling it all together in the end. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Author Bias: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I feel that the authors’ stances are all objective. Although it seemed as if they were leaning more towards one side (strong correlation) I still felt little biased. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> This source was very helpful as it provided a good experiment to see into the psychological effects of music and the feelings and perceptions that deal with it.

__** Annotation #3 **__

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 24pt; text-indent: -24pt;">Baker, D.. "Understanding Musical Understanding: The Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology of the Musical Experience. " //Philosophy of Music Education Review// 18.2 (2010): 204-208. ProQuest Education Journals, ProQuest. Web. 7 Mar. 2011.

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Authors Credentials- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The author David Baker is an affiliate with the Institute of Education at Reading University. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> This article is an informative piece intended to tell the reader the understanding of music based on research and fact through the summary of a book. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Intended Audience- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The intended audience of this article can include students learning about the topic or teachers and professors. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Summary- __****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Authors Thesis: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The author’s main idea of the article is the philosophy, psychology, and sociology of the musical experience. The author looks at topics such as musical cognition in terms of time, musical memory, auditory signals, and music as a conscious and unconscious experience. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Authors Arguments: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The author’s has many different arguments throughout the article building up his case about the musical experience. He argues that musical understanding is a part of the human organism’s genetically-inherited capacity, that the brain first addresses auditory signals as speech and also extends his beliefs on musical value by drawing on examples from popular music. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Evidence- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> This is a well-referenced piece that drew around the thinking of many different authors. Fiske gives evidence through research, studies and popular music about his theories and thesis’s. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Evaluation of- __****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Research: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The work is logical and clear as the information was presented in an orderly way and is well researched based on all the references given and the author’s credentials. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The topic has been adequately addressed with little mention to other topics and the absence of unnecessary information. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Author Bias: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I believe the author was not bias as they took an objective stance on the topic that was addressed. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reflection: __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This source was very helpful and proved useful with my research in many ways. This source helped me better understand more about the psychology of music and look at things I did not notice through my first articles.

__** Annotation #4 **__

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 24pt; text-indent: -24pt;">Mary E Ballard, Alan R Dodson, and Doris G Bazzini. “Genre of Music and Lyrical Content: Expectation effects.” //The Journal of Genetic Psychology// 160.4 (1999): 476-487. AP Science, ProQuest. Web. 7 Mar. 2011

**__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Authors Credentials- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The authors are psychologists. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> This article is an informative piece intended to show the reader a study in which the genre of music and lyrical content are examined with expectations. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Intended Audience- __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The intended audience of this article can include students learning about the topic or teachers and professors. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Summary- __****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Authors Thesis: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The author’s main idea of the article is to examine whether people’s expectations differ regarding how music lyrics affect individual behavior as a function of music genre. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Authors Arguments: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> The authors’ main argument or main idea is an expectation that certain genres (such as rap and heavy metal) of music would be viewed more negatively than other genres of popular music, for which there has been little or no negative publicity (such as pop or country). **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Evidence- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> This articles evidence includes tables and charts with the results of the case study and research of lyrical influence on a musical genre and labeling and media influence on a musical genre. They also had participants go through their tests and fill out questionnaires to come up with correlations and possible conclusions to their hypothesis. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Evaluation of- __****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Research: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The work is logical and clear as the information was presented in an orderly way and is well researched based on all the references given and the author’s credentials. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The topic has been adequately addressed with no variation of topics, ideas, or conclusions. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Author Bias: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">I believe the author was not bias as they took an objective stance on the topic that was addressed. I also know this because they created a case study in which they did not need any biased results in which the authors used blind or double blind studies. **__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reflection: __**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">This source was very helpful and interesting. The research allowed me to expand my knowledge in the psychology of music and use their case study as a starting point in the genre area of my research.

__** Annotation #5 **__ William G Collier, and Timothy L Hubbard. "Musical scales and evaluations of happiness and awkwardness: Effects of pitch, direction, and scale mode. "//The American Journal of// //Psychology// 114.3 (2001): 355-375. AP Science, ProQuest. Web. 10 Mar. 2011.


 * Authors Credentials-**The authors’ William G. Collier and Timothy L. Hubbard published this experiment/case study in //The American Journal of Psychology// and both work as professors at the University of Illinois.
 * Scope and Purpose of Work-** This article is an informational piece which looks into an experiment in which participants are tested on the effects of music and feelings.
 * Intended Audience-** The intended audience for this article could be professors or teachers looking into this topic and teaching it or kids and students looking to learn more about the topic.
 * Authors Thesis-** The authors’ experimented the perceived happiness, brightness, awkwardness, pitch velocity, and tempo change of ascending and descending musical scales in four modes of twenty four participants (12 girls 12 boys).
 * Main arguments-** The authors’ believe that emotional responses to music are determined primarily by sequences of individual tones within a tonal hierarchy of stability and are not influenced by the broader harmonic context in which those notes occur. The authors’ also believe that emotional responses to music are determined primarily by the chords, key and harmonic structure of the music.
 * Evidence-** This articles evidence includes charts, tables, and correlations from the study that support the authors’ main arguments. As well as these charts they also reference many people, books, and other studies. Their results suggest that ascending scales and musical keys that started on a higher pitch were rated as happier and brighter whereas descending scales and low pitches were rated as more awkward.
 * Evaluation of Research-** The article is scholarly and the source is credible. The authors’ are reliable considering their occupation and the amount of references given.
 * Evaluation of Scope-** The topic has been adequately addressed with a lack of change into a different topic or unnecessary information
 * Evaluation of Author Bias-** I believe that the authors were not biased because the results of the study would have came out biased in that case.
 * Reflection-** This source proved very good and helpful. The study the article talks about it is good for my topic and hands on project and gives good information about the psychology of music. Overall this article was more than enough.

__** Annotation #6 **__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Steve Oakes. "Musical Tempo and Waiting Perceptions. " //Psychology & Marketing// 20.8 (2003): 685. ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry, ProQuest. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Authors Credentials- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Steve Oakes is a lecturer in marketing at the University of Liverpool Management School whose research includes management, psychology and music. He was also a jazz guitarist. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Scope and Purpose of Work- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is an informational piece that looks at many different experiments and case studies dating back to 1990 looking at isolating musical tempo from other variables and connecting it to ones temporal perception. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Intended Audience- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The intended audience to me is possibly students learning about the topic or professors/teachers looking into the topic to either do their own research or teach the topic to their students. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Authors Thesis- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The author believes to find a significant, positive relationship between background musical tempo variation and temporal perception. He also explains how slow-tempo music produces significantly enhanced affective responses compared to fast-tempo music. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Arguments- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The author goes back and looks at studies relating to his topic and eventually supporting his thesis. Kellaris and Altesech in 1992 indentified a significant relationship between musical volume and perceived duration also a relationship between harmony and perceived duration. Kellaris and Mantel in 1996 isolated musical tempo variation from other variables like volume and complexity. In 1991 Kellaris and Kent found that the more consumers enjoy background music played during a time period, the longer they perceive the time period to be. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evidence- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The evidence in this article includes references to other studies like Kellaris and Altesech in 1992 to support his thesis of a positive relationship between background musical tempo variation and temporal perception. The author also looked at studies with the opposite results ultimately comparing the two and showing the difference and reasons of why certain studies had these results. This shows me as to how people perceive the tempo of songs which could give me support as to why people would like certain songs and why they would not. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of Research- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The work is logical and clear. I know the article is well-researched through the amount of references and looks into other studies ultimately supporting his thesis **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of Scope- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The topic has been adequately addressed with slight mention to any other topics. The author did look at certain studies which may have been unnecessary but in the end helped support his thesis. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of Author Bias- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The author was not biased and took an objective stance. I see this because of the variety of studies he looked at with a wide range of results. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> This source was very helpful in looking at tempo, a different topic that has to do with my research of music. I read about studies in which I can connect certain tempo to my hands on project which show a positive relationship between feelings and perception. Overall this source helped add another contribution to the psychology of music in which I am researching.

__** Annotation #7 **__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Melissa M Ezarik. "How music affects your moods. " //Current Health 1// 1 Mar. 2001: ProQuest Education Journals, ProQuest. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Authors Credentials- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Melissa M. Ezarik graduated from Fairfield University and worked at many different universities for business and music. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Scope and Purpose of Work- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This is an informational piece in which the author looks into how music affects your mood and your health. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Intended Audience- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The intended audience could vary from students to teachers or even just parents and adults that would like to learn about this topic. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Authors Thesis- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The author believes that music can affect people in different ways, for example soft music and long, gentle notes making people feel relaxed while upbeat music can make people feel more energized. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Arguments- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The author provides certain scenarios in which music would affect your mood or your health. The author states that the body has natural rhythms such as your heartbeat and pulse which can be affected by certain sounds and music. She believes different kinds of music affect you in different ways. She talks about the effects of nature sounds and meditation affecting your mood and feelings. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evidence- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The author looks into the effects of certain sounds like long and gentle notes making people feel relaxed and vice versa. Certain evidence in the article includes a look into ancient Greece and meditation affecting the bodies and minds mood and health. This article gives me evidence about sounds that could be used in songs that could either make people feel relaxed or upbeat. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of Research- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The work is logical and clear and well researched. The author has a sufficient background and the source is scholarly. The author also gave some references in which help explain her argument **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of Scope- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The topic has been adequately addressed and shows a good understanding of that topic. The author stays away from altering the main idea as well as redundant information. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaluation of Author Bias- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I believe the author was not biased and took an objective stance throughout the whole article. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> This source was very helpful in my research and is able to be connected to my topic in many ways. The source shows evidence about certain sounds like long and gentle notes making someone feel relaxed in which can be tied to my songs to make someone feel a certain way.

__** Annotation #8 **__

Avi Gilboa, Ehud Bodner, and Dorit Amir. "Emotional Communicability in Improvised Music: The Case of Music Therapists. " Journal of Music Therapy 43.3 (2006): 198-225. ProQuest Education Journals, ProQuest. Web. 16 Mar. 2011.


 * Authors Credentials**-The authors of this article include trained and professional musical therapists and psychologists.
 * Scope and Purpose of Work**- This article would fall under the category of an informational piece in which the authors are informing the reader about music therapy and emotions.
 * Intended Audience**- The intended audience for this article could be teachers or psychologists talking about the topic of music therapy and emotions or students learning about the topic. This article could even be looked at simple for fun and knowledge about the topic.
 * Authors Thesis**- The authors of this article examined the ability of music therapists to convey emotions and their ability to accurately decode the emotional content of musical improvisations. They also looked at the different aspects of a certain musical excerpt that played a part in a certain emotion
 * Main Arguments**- The authors’ main arguments include the belief that musical improvisation is believed to be an effective way to convey emotions. The authors’ state that music is another channel for expressing and communicating emotions and has been extensively related to emotions far before it was looked at in this study.
 * Evidence**- This article goes through certain references and studies that support the authors’ main arguments and thesis. The “Juslin” study in 1997 showed that a wealth of musical cues exists in the simplest musical excerpt such as tempo, sound level, timing, intonation, articulation, timbre, vibrato, tone attacks, tone decays and pauses. The “Sundberg” study in 1982 said that, for example, a happy person will naturally express himself loudly, articulating each syllable and utterance in a speedy manner similar to the musical code that was found in happiness.
 * Evaluation of Research**- The work is logical, clear and easy for me as a reader to understand. Through all the references and studies that the article mentioned I can easily tell that it is well researched. Based on the occupations I can trust the author and assure its credentials.
 * Evaluation of Scope-** The topic has been adequately addressed and the authors’ avoid drifting off topic and mentioning other viewpoints or arguments.
 * Evaluation of Author Bias**- I believe the author did not show any type of bias and showed results of studies which did not show bias as well.
 * Reflection**- This source is very helpful for my research and showed aspects of music like tempo and sound level and how they related to a certain emotions. This source will help me determine the aspects of my music and help me choose a certain emotion to focus on. This source focused on music therapy and helped develop my argument of which type of music hones in on which emotion.

__** Annotation #9 **__ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Gaidos, S.. (2010, August). More than a feeling. //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Science News, // //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">178 //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">(4), 24-29. Retrieved March 16, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry. (Document ID: 2114235081). **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Authors Credentials- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Susan Gaidos is a writer for //Science News// and is a professor at Perdue University. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Scope and Purpose- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;"> This article serves as an informative piece in which the author talks about the effect of music on the brain **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Intended Audience- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">The intended audience could be anyone from students learning to teachers and professors teaching the topic. This could also be used by scientists or music therapists. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Author’s thesis- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">The author looks into the numerous regions of the brain that music stimulates like memory, emotion and motor control. They also try to understand how music activates and coordinates the various emotion mechanisms in the brain to find ways to rewire a brain affected by illness or injury. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Main Arguments- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;"> The author says that music changes virtually all areas of the brain responsible for regulating emotion. They believe that music automatically engages areas essential to pleasure and reward. The author says that we could use music as a tool to see how the brain processes a wide range of feelings such as sorrow, joy, longing and wonder. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Evidence- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">The author shows the main arguments and then backs them up by referencing specific studies like Koelsch, neuroscientist like Molnar-Szakacs, and experiments which brain scans and PET scans are done to show increases in certain emotions when playing music. The author also references and talks about music therapists and psychologists that did work on the topic. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Evaluation of Research- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Through all the reference and studies I can tell that the article is well researched. The author showed and stated the information in a clear and logical way making it easy for the reader to understand. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Evaluation of Scope- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;"> The topic has been adequately addressed with little to no mention of a different topic. Although the author talked about the flipside of his or her argument in the end it helped develop the main idea more. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Evaluation of Author Bias- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">The author took an objective stance and showed no obvious signs of bias ways or remarks **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Reflection- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 200%;">This source was very helpful for my research. Not only did the article talked about emotions relating to music but they talked more specifically about the brain and which regions are affected by the music. This evidence helps me develop more of my informative piece rather than my hands on and in the end was very reliable.

__** Annotation #10 **__

BAILES, F., and A. Lehmann; Sloboda; Woody. "Psychology for Musicians: Understanding and Acquiring the Skills."British Journal of Music Education 26.2 (2009): 227-230. ProQuest Education Journals, ProQuest. Web. 24 Mar. 2011.


 * Authors Credentials**- The authors’ all work at the University of Oxford as the press. They all have backgrounds in psychology and music


 * Scope and Purpose of Work**- This is an informational report intended to inform the reader about the book they are reviewing.
 * I****ntended Audience**- The intended audience for this could be any one from a professor or teacher to a student interested in learning about the topic
 * Authors Thesis**- The author’s main purpose of this piece is to inform the reader about a certain book that deals with the psychology of music. The author covers topics such as musical learning, musical skills, and musical roles. Each topic deals with development, motivation, practice, expression and interpretation.
 * Main Arguments**- The author does not really pose too many arguments as the article is only a review of the book. With that said the author does state that the book shows an emphasis on science to inform an understanding of music. They also hope to dispel beliefs that it is not smart for performances to listen to performances of other people. They also show a strong motivational point of view about the psychology and science behind music.
 * Evidence-** Since the fact that this article is only a book review there is little evidence in the review but much evidence in the actual book. Although this is review the evidence in it includes facts and references throughout and at the end of the article.
 * Evaluation of Research**- The work is logical and clear. There may be some necessary psychology information or terms that you may need to know to fully understand the points and arguments made. Through the amount of references and the credentials of the author I can tell that the article is well-researched.
 * Evaluation of Scope**- This topic has been adequately addressed with little to no mention of redundant information or points.
 * Evaluation of Author Bias**- I was unable to notice or find any type of author bias. I feel the author took an objective stand point.


 * Reflection**- This article was somewhat helpful to my research but not as good as some of the other articles I was able to find. This source added the aspect of science into music and the psychology of it, allowing me to look at my topic from a different viewpoint. This source also gave some key information about my argument letting me add to my development of music.